Flexible Work Arrangement, Work Life Balance, Kepuasan Kerja, dan Loyalitas Karyawan Pada Situasi Covid-19
Keywords:
Indonesian
Abstract
The purpose of the researchers conducting this research was to see the relationship between flexible work arrangements, work-life balance, job satisfaction and employee loyalty during the Covid-19 situation. The literature review that is used as a foundation for thinking to build a research model is the relationship between flexible work arrangements, work life balance, job satisfaction and employee loyalty. Based on this link, a research hypothesis will be formulated. The method used for this research is to refer to a quantitative approach, and to collect data with a questionnaire distributed online within a certain time, analyzed using the SMART PLS analysis tool which will then produce values that can be used as a decision whether or not the hypothesis is formulated. previous. The results obtained are, all hypotheses are accepted, thus flexible work arrangements affect work life balance, job satisfaction and employee loyalty when the Covid-19 situation occurs.
References
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Allen, Tammy. D; Johnson, Ryan. C; Kiburz, Kaitlin, M; dan Shockley, Kristen, M. (2013). Work-Family Conflict and Flexible Work Arrangements: Deconstructing Flexibility. Personnel Psychology, Volume 66, Edisi 2, halaman 345–376. 10.1111/peps.12012
Altindag, Erkut dan Siller, Funda. (2014). Effects of Flexible Working Method on Employee Performance: An Empirical Study in Turkey. Business and Economics Journal.Volume 5. Halaman 1–8. 10.4172/2151-6219.1000104
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Aryee, Samuel; Srinivas, E. S; dan Tan, Hwee, Hoon. (2005). Rhythms Of Life: Antecedents And Outcomes Of Work-Family Balance In Employed Parents. Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume 90, Halaman 132–146. 10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.132
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Dattalo, P. (2013). Analysis of Multiple Dependent Variables. In Analysis of Multiple Dependent Variables. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199773596.001.0001
Dettmers, Jan, Kaiser, Stephen, dan Fietze, Simon. (2013). Theory and Practice of Flexible Work: Organizational and Individual Perspectives. Introduction to the Special Issue. Management Revu, Volume 24, Edisi 3, Halaman 151–161. 10.5771/0935-9915-2013-3-155
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Golden, T. D., & Veiga, J. F. (2005). The impact of extent of telecommuting on job satisfaction: Resolving inconsistent findings. Journal of Management, Volume 31, Edisi 2, Halaman 301–318. 10.1177/0149206304271768
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Greenhaus, J. H., & Allen, T. D. (2011). Work-family balance: A review and extension of the literature. Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (2nd Ed.).
Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, Volume 31, Edisi 1, Halaman 72–92. 10.5465/amr.2006.19379625
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Groover, S. L., & Croocker, K. J. (1995). Who appreciates family-responsive human resource policies, the impact of family-friendly policies on the organizational attachment of parents and non-parents. Personal Psychology, Volume 48, Halaman 271–288.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. In Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective.
Hammer, Leslie. B., Neal, Margaret. B., Newsom, Jason. T., Brockwood, Krista, J., dan Colton, Cari, L. (2005). A Longitudinal Study Of The Effects Of Dual-Earner Couples’ Utilization Of Family-Friendly Workplace Supports On Work And Family Outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume 90, Edisi 4, Halaman 799–810. 10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.799
Hayman, Jeremy. (2005). Psychometric Assessment of an Instrument Designed to Measure Work Life Balance. Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, Volume 13, Edisi 1, Halaman 85–91.
Hirschfeld, R. R. (2000). Does revising the intrinsic and extrinsic subscales of the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire short form make a difference? Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(2), 255–270. 10.1177/00131640021970493
Iheriohanma, E. B. ., Austin-Egole, I., & Stella. (2020). Outsourcing and employment trends: An exploratory discourse. Issues in Business Management and Economics, 8(3). 10.15739/IBME.20.005
Iqbal, A., Tufail, M. S., & Lodhi, R. N. (2015). Employee Loyalty and Organizational Commitment in Pakistani Organizations. Global Journal Of Human Resource Management, Volume 3, Edisi 1, Halaman 1–11.
Jaros, Steve (2007). Measurement issues in the Meyer & Allen model of organizational commitment. The ICFAI Journal of Organizational Behavior, Volume 6, Halaman 7–25. https://bit.ly/3f4hszD
Kalliath, T., & Brough, P. (2008). Work-life balance: A review of the meaning of the balance construct. Journal of Management and Organization, 14(3), 323–327. 10.5172/jmo.837.14.3.323
Laker, B. (2020). How to Dramatically Improve Work-Life Balance. April 28. https://bit.ly/3kC8ta1
Latha, S. (2020). Work-Life Balance In Pandemic: A Conceptual Study Of Problems And Challenges Faced By Working Women Professionals. https://bit.ly/3pzKkob
Lee, S. Y., & Hong, J. H. (2011). Does Family-Friendly Policy Matter? Testing Its Impact on Turnover and Performance. Public Administration Review, 8(1), 871–879. 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02416.x
Linh, T. T. (2016). Perspectives from employees and employers of Vietnamese SMEs on flexible working arrangement. https://bit.ly/3lC1oaE
Lobel, S., & Kossek, E. E. (1996). Human resource strategies to support diversity in work and personal lifestyles: Beyond the “family friendly” organization. Managing Diversity: Human Resource Strategies for Transforming the Workplace, 221–224. https://bit.ly/32Qyegu
Mas-Machuca, M., Berbegal-Mirabent, J., & Alegre, I. (2016). Work-life balance and its relationship with organizational pride and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 586–602. 10.1108/JMP-09-2014-0272
Mehta, S., Singh, T., Bhakar, S.S., Sinha, B. (2010). Employee loyalty towards organization: A study of academician. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research, 1(1), 98–108. https://bit.ly/3lEQa58
Omondi, A. A., & K’Obonyo, P. (2018). Flexible work schedules: A critical review of literature. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 5(4), 2069–2086. https://bit.ly/35CuvFq
Palmeri, S. (2013). Surviving a reduction in force: The impact of flexible work arrangements on employee job satisfaction and work/life balance following the 2008 recession. Capella University. https://bit.ly/2Iyk8d5
Perneger, T. V., Courvoisier, D. S., Hudelson, P. M., & Gayet-Ageron, A. (2015). Sample size for pre-tests of questionnaires. Quality of Life Research, 24(1), 147–151. 10.1007/s11136-014-0752-2
Rahman, M. F. (2019). Impact of Flexible Work Arrangements on Job Satisfaction Among the Female Teachers in the Higher Education Sector. European Journal of Business and Management, 11, 97–107. https://bit.ly/2H6Zik4
Ravari, A., Mirzaei, T., Kazemi, M., & Jamalizadeh, A. (2012). Job satisfaction as a multidimensional concept: A systematic review study. Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology, 1(2), 95–102. 10.18869/acadpub.johe.1.2.95
Saleh, M. H., Jaber, J. J., Rawashdeh, A. M., & Al-Khawaldeh, A. A. (2019). The elasticity of determinants life insurance demand in improving the efficiency of Jordanian life insurance companies. Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 8(3), 172–184. https://bit.ly/2H64wMW
Shagvaliyeva, S., & Yazdanifard, R. (2014). Impact of Flexible Working Hours on Work-Life Balance. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 4(1), 20–23. 10.4236/ajibm.2014.41004
Soegandhi, V. M., Sutanto, E. M., & Setiawan, R. (2013). Pengaruh kepuasan kerja dan loyalitas kerja terhadap organizational citizenship behavior pada karyawan PT . Surya Timur Sakti jatim. Jurnal Agora, 1(1), 1–5.
Tamunomiebi, M., & Oyibo, C. (2020). Work-Life Balance and Employee Performance: A Literature Review. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(2), 1–10. 10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.2.196
Torrente, P., Salanova, M., Llorens Gumbau, S., & Schaufeli, W. (2013). From “I” to “We”: The Factorial Validity of a Team Work Engagement Scale. https://bit.ly/35C1Sbi
Van Riel, A. C. R., Henseler, J., Kemény, I., & Sasovova, Z. (2017). Estimating hierarchical constructs using consistent partial least squares: The case of second-order composites of common factors. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 43(1), 115–135. 10.1108/IMDS-07-2016-0286
UNICEF dan ILO. (2020). Family-Friendly Policis and Other Good Workplace Practice in The Context of COVID-19: Key steps employers can take. March 27.
Vandenbosch, M. Bendle,N. Banerjee, R. (2019). Survival of the Best Fitted. Ivey Business Journal Online. https://bit.ly/3lGTOLZ
Wadhawan, S. (2019). Impact Of Flexible Working Arrangements On Employee Satisfaction In It Sector. https://bit.ly/2UylbMh
Zulkarnaen, W., et al. (2020). Comparative Study of Tax Policy Related to COVID-19 in ASEAN Countries. International Journal of TEST Engineering & Management. 83(2),6519-6528. https://testmagzine.biz/index.php/testmagzine/article/view/8548
Albion, Majella. J. (2004). A Measure of Attitudes Towards Flexible Work Options. Australian Journal of Management, Volume 29, Edisi 2, halaman 275–294. 10.1177/031289620402900207
Allen, Tammy. D; Johnson, Ryan. C; Kiburz, Kaitlin, M; dan Shockley, Kristen, M. (2013). Work-Family Conflict and Flexible Work Arrangements: Deconstructing Flexibility. Personnel Psychology, Volume 66, Edisi 2, halaman 345–376. 10.1111/peps.12012
Altindag, Erkut dan Siller, Funda. (2014). Effects of Flexible Working Method on Employee Performance: An Empirical Study in Turkey. Business and Economics Journal.Volume 5. Halaman 1–8. 10.4172/2151-6219.1000104
Anderson, Deirdre, dan Kelliher, Clare. (2009). Flexible Working And Engagement: The Importance Of Choice. Strategic HR Review, Volume 8, Edisi 2, Halaman 13–18. 10.1108/14754390910937530
Aryee, Samuel; Srinivas, E. S; dan Tan, Hwee, Hoon. (2005). Rhythms Of Life: Antecedents And Outcomes Of Work-Family Balance In Employed Parents. Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume 90, Halaman 132–146. 10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.132
Ayyagari, Ramakrishna; Grover, Varun; dan Purvis, Russell. (2011). Technostress: Technological antecedents and implications. MIS Quarterly: Management Information Systems, Volume 35, Edisi 4, Halaman 831–858. 10.2307/41409963
Azwar, S. (2018). Penyusunan Skala Psikologi. Pustaka Pelajar.
Beauregard, T. A., & Henry, L. C. (2009). Making the link between work-life balance practices and organizational performance. Human Resource Management Review, Volume 19, Edisi 1, 9–22. 10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.09.001
Bebasari, P & Silalahi, M. (2020). COVID-19: Children Must Keep Learning Despite Crisis. https://bit.ly/2Uvt1Gu
Bhattarai, M. (2020). Working from Home and Job Satisfaction During the Pandemic Times. 10.13140/RG.2.2.21515.11046
Cazes, S., Hijzen, A., & Saint-Martin, A. (2015). Measuring and Assessing Job Quality: THE OECD JOB QUALITY FRAMEWORK. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No.174, Halaman 174, 1–19.
Cooke, Julia, Goga. . (2012). The Benefit of Flexible Working Arrangement, A Future of Work Report. Sumber: HotSpots Movement. https://bit.ly/3py0RsJ
Dattalo, P. (2013). Analysis of Multiple Dependent Variables. In Analysis of Multiple Dependent Variables. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199773596.001.0001
Dettmers, Jan, Kaiser, Stephen, dan Fietze, Simon. (2013). Theory and Practice of Flexible Work: Organizational and Individual Perspectives. Introduction to the Special Issue. Management Revu, Volume 24, Edisi 3, Halaman 151–161. 10.5771/0935-9915-2013-3-155
Downes, Caroline., dan Koekemoer, Eeileen. (2011). Work–Life Balance Policies: Challenges And Benefits Associated With Implementing Flexitime. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, Volume 9, Edisi 1, 1–6. 10.4102/sajhrm.v9i1.382
Garg P., dan Yajurvedi, N. (2016). Impact of Work-Life Balance Practices on Employees Retention and Organizational Performance-A Study on IT Industry. INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH, Volume 6, Edisi 8, 105–108.
Giovanis, E. (2019). Do the flexible employment arrangements increase job satisfaction and employee loyalty? Evidence from Bayesian networks and instrumental variables. 10.1504/IJCEE.2019.097795
Golden, T. D., & Veiga, J. F. (2005). The impact of extent of telecommuting on job satisfaction: Resolving inconsistent findings. Journal of Management, Volume 31, Edisi 2, Halaman 301–318. 10.1177/0149206304271768
Greenberg, J., & Baron, R. (2003). Behavior in Organizations (understanding and Managing the human side of work). Prentice Hall.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Allen, T. D. (2011). Work-family balance: A review and extension of the literature. Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology (2nd Ed.).
Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, Volume 31, Edisi 1, Halaman 72–92. 10.5465/amr.2006.19379625
Gregory, A., & Milner, S. (2009). Editorial: Work-life balance: A matter of choice? Gender, Work and Organization, 16(1), 1–13. 10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00429.x
Groover, S. L., & Croocker, K. J. (1995). Who appreciates family-responsive human resource policies, the impact of family-friendly policies on the organizational attachment of parents and non-parents. Personal Psychology, Volume 48, Halaman 271–288.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. In Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective.
Hammer, Leslie. B., Neal, Margaret. B., Newsom, Jason. T., Brockwood, Krista, J., dan Colton, Cari, L. (2005). A Longitudinal Study Of The Effects Of Dual-Earner Couples’ Utilization Of Family-Friendly Workplace Supports On Work And Family Outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, Volume 90, Edisi 4, Halaman 799–810. 10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.799
Hayman, Jeremy. (2005). Psychometric Assessment of an Instrument Designed to Measure Work Life Balance. Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, Volume 13, Edisi 1, Halaman 85–91.
Hirschfeld, R. R. (2000). Does revising the intrinsic and extrinsic subscales of the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire short form make a difference? Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(2), 255–270. 10.1177/00131640021970493
Iheriohanma, E. B. ., Austin-Egole, I., & Stella. (2020). Outsourcing and employment trends: An exploratory discourse. Issues in Business Management and Economics, 8(3). 10.15739/IBME.20.005
Iqbal, A., Tufail, M. S., & Lodhi, R. N. (2015). Employee Loyalty and Organizational Commitment in Pakistani Organizations. Global Journal Of Human Resource Management, Volume 3, Edisi 1, Halaman 1–11.
Jaros, Steve (2007). Measurement issues in the Meyer & Allen model of organizational commitment. The ICFAI Journal of Organizational Behavior, Volume 6, Halaman 7–25. https://bit.ly/3f4hszD
Kalliath, T., & Brough, P. (2008). Work-life balance: A review of the meaning of the balance construct. Journal of Management and Organization, 14(3), 323–327. 10.5172/jmo.837.14.3.323
Laker, B. (2020). How to Dramatically Improve Work-Life Balance. April 28. https://bit.ly/3kC8ta1
Latha, S. (2020). Work-Life Balance In Pandemic: A Conceptual Study Of Problems And Challenges Faced By Working Women Professionals. https://bit.ly/3pzKkob
Lee, S. Y., & Hong, J. H. (2011). Does Family-Friendly Policy Matter? Testing Its Impact on Turnover and Performance. Public Administration Review, 8(1), 871–879. 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02416.x
Linh, T. T. (2016). Perspectives from employees and employers of Vietnamese SMEs on flexible working arrangement. https://bit.ly/3lC1oaE
Lobel, S., & Kossek, E. E. (1996). Human resource strategies to support diversity in work and personal lifestyles: Beyond the “family friendly” organization. Managing Diversity: Human Resource Strategies for Transforming the Workplace, 221–224. https://bit.ly/32Qyegu
Mas-Machuca, M., Berbegal-Mirabent, J., & Alegre, I. (2016). Work-life balance and its relationship with organizational pride and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 586–602. 10.1108/JMP-09-2014-0272
Mehta, S., Singh, T., Bhakar, S.S., Sinha, B. (2010). Employee loyalty towards organization: A study of academician. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research, 1(1), 98–108. https://bit.ly/3lEQa58
Omondi, A. A., & K’Obonyo, P. (2018). Flexible work schedules: A critical review of literature. The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 5(4), 2069–2086. https://bit.ly/35CuvFq
Palmeri, S. (2013). Surviving a reduction in force: The impact of flexible work arrangements on employee job satisfaction and work/life balance following the 2008 recession. Capella University. https://bit.ly/2Iyk8d5
Perneger, T. V., Courvoisier, D. S., Hudelson, P. M., & Gayet-Ageron, A. (2015). Sample size for pre-tests of questionnaires. Quality of Life Research, 24(1), 147–151. 10.1007/s11136-014-0752-2
Rahman, M. F. (2019). Impact of Flexible Work Arrangements on Job Satisfaction Among the Female Teachers in the Higher Education Sector. European Journal of Business and Management, 11, 97–107. https://bit.ly/2H6Zik4
Ravari, A., Mirzaei, T., Kazemi, M., & Jamalizadeh, A. (2012). Job satisfaction as a multidimensional concept: A systematic review study. Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology, 1(2), 95–102. 10.18869/acadpub.johe.1.2.95
Saleh, M. H., Jaber, J. J., Rawashdeh, A. M., & Al-Khawaldeh, A. A. (2019). The elasticity of determinants life insurance demand in improving the efficiency of Jordanian life insurance companies. Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 8(3), 172–184. https://bit.ly/2H64wMW
Shagvaliyeva, S., & Yazdanifard, R. (2014). Impact of Flexible Working Hours on Work-Life Balance. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 4(1), 20–23. 10.4236/ajibm.2014.41004
Soegandhi, V. M., Sutanto, E. M., & Setiawan, R. (2013). Pengaruh kepuasan kerja dan loyalitas kerja terhadap organizational citizenship behavior pada karyawan PT . Surya Timur Sakti jatim. Jurnal Agora, 1(1), 1–5.
Tamunomiebi, M., & Oyibo, C. (2020). Work-Life Balance and Employee Performance: A Literature Review. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(2), 1–10. 10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.2.196
Torrente, P., Salanova, M., Llorens Gumbau, S., & Schaufeli, W. (2013). From “I” to “We”: The Factorial Validity of a Team Work Engagement Scale. https://bit.ly/35C1Sbi
Van Riel, A. C. R., Henseler, J., Kemény, I., & Sasovova, Z. (2017). Estimating hierarchical constructs using consistent partial least squares: The case of second-order composites of common factors. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 43(1), 115–135. 10.1108/IMDS-07-2016-0286
UNICEF dan ILO. (2020). Family-Friendly Policis and Other Good Workplace Practice in The Context of COVID-19: Key steps employers can take. March 27.
Vandenbosch, M. Bendle,N. Banerjee, R. (2019). Survival of the Best Fitted. Ivey Business Journal Online. https://bit.ly/3lGTOLZ
Wadhawan, S. (2019). Impact Of Flexible Working Arrangements On Employee Satisfaction In It Sector. https://bit.ly/2UylbMh
Zulkarnaen, W., et al. (2020). Comparative Study of Tax Policy Related to COVID-19 in ASEAN Countries. International Journal of TEST Engineering & Management. 83(2),6519-6528. https://testmagzine.biz/index.php/testmagzine/article/view/8548
Published
2020-11-25
How to Cite
Stefanie, K., Suryani, E., & Maharani, A. (2020). Flexible Work Arrangement, Work Life Balance, Kepuasan Kerja, dan Loyalitas Karyawan Pada Situasi Covid-19. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 4(3), 1725-1750. https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v4i3.666
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