An ANTESEDEN PRIVACY CONCERNS SERTA DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP LOYALTY
Abstract
WhatsApp adalah salah satu media soaial yang banyak sekali penggunanya di Indonesia. Adanya perubahan kebijakan tentang privacy WhatsApp menjadikan pelanggan mulai menggunakan aplikasi lain. Terkait dengan hal tersebut penelitian ini meneliti anteseden privacy concerns terhadap loyalitas. Anteseden tersebut adalah risk beliefs dan perceived benefits. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan survey. Variabel yang diteliti, yaitu Risk Beliefs, Perceived Benefits, Privacy Concerns dan Loyalty. Sampel dari penelitian ini adalah pengguna WhatsApp Personal di Indonesia yang mengetahui tentang kebijakan privasi baru WhatsApp Personal dengan umur di atas 17 tahun. Penelitian ini dalam pengumpulan datanya memakai teknik purposive sampling sebanyak 200 orang sebagai respondennya. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) sebagai teknik analisis dan hipotesis yang menghasilkan diterima semuanya. Risk beliefs memengaruhi privacy concerns secara positif. Perceived benefits memengaruhi privacy concerns secara negatif. Privacy concerns berpengaruh negatif terhadap loyalty. Hasil dari penelitian ini penting bagi pengelola WhatsApp untuk menjaga privasi dari pelanggan agar pelanggan tetap menggunakan aplikasinya dan tidak berpindah ke aplikasi lain.
References
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Chen, R., & Sharma, S. (2012). “Understanding user behavior at social networking sites: A relational capital perspective”. Journal of global information technology management, 15(2), 25-45.
Cocosila, M., Archer, N., & Yuan, Y. (2009). “Early investigation of new information technology acceptance: A perceived risk-motivation model”. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 25(1), 30.
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Dinev, T., & Hart, P. (2004). “Internet privacy concerns and their antecedents-measurement validity and a regression model”. Behaviour & Information Technology, 23(6), 413-422.
Dinev, T., & Hart, P. (2006). “An extended privacy calculus model for e-commerce transactions”. Information systems research, 17(1), 61-80.
Featherman, M. S., Miyazaki, A. D., & Sprott, D. E. (2010). “Reducing online privacy risk to facilitate e‐service adoption: the influence of perceived ease of use and corporate credibility”. Journal of Services Marketing.
Fogel, J., & Nehmad, E. (2009). “Internet social network communities: Risk taking, trust, and privacy concerns”. Computers in human behavior, 25(1), 153-160.
Gal-Or, E., Gal-Or, R., & Penmetsa, N. (2018). “The role of user privacy concerns in shaping competition among platforms”. Information Systems Research, 29(3), 698-722.
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Hallowell, R. (1996). “The relationships of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and profitability: an empirical study”. International journal of service industry management.
Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., & Gremler, D. D. (2002). “Understanding relationship marketing outcomes: an integration of relational benefits and relationship quality”. Journal of service research, 4(3), 230-247.
Hong, W., & Thong, J. Y. (2013). “Internet privacy concerns: An integrated conceptualization and four empirical studies”. Mis Quarterly, 275-298.
Jiang, Z., Heng, C. S., & Choi, B. C. (2013). “Research note—privacy concerns and privacy-protective behavior in synchronous online social interactions”. Information Systems Research, 24(3), 579-595.
Joinson, A. N. (2008, April). “Looking at, looking up or keeping up with people? Motives and use of Facebook”. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1027-1036).
Jones, T. O., & Sasser, W. E. (1995). “Why satisfied customers defect”. Harvard business review, 73(6), 88.
Keller, K. L. (1993). “Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity”. Journal of marketing, 57(1), 1-22.
Kim, M. J., Chung, N., & Lee, C. K. (2011). “The effect of perceived trust on electronic commerce: Shopping online for tourism products and services in South Korea”. Tourism Management, 32(2), 256-265.
Koohang, A. (2017). “Social media sites privacy concerns: Empirical validation of an instrument”. Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management (OJAKM), 5(1), 14-26.
Koohang, A., Paliszkiewicz, J., & Goluchowski, J. (2018). “Social media privacy concerns: trusting beliefs and risk beliefs”. Industrial Management & Data Systems.
Krasnova, H., Spiekermann, S., Koroleva, K., & Hildebrand, T. (2010). “Online social networks: why we disclose”. Journal of information technology, 25(2), 109-125.
Laufer, R. S., & Wolfe, M. (1977). “Privacy as a concept and a social issue: A multidimensional developmental theory”. Journal of social Issues, 33(3), 22-42.
Lee, H., Park, H., & Kim, J. (2013). “Why do people share their context information on Social Network Services? A qualitative study and an experimental study on users' behavior of balancing perceived benefit and risk”. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 71(9), 862-877.
Liang, C. C., & Shiau, W. L. (2018). “Moderating effect of privacy concerns and subjective norms between satisfaction and repurchase of airline e-ticket through airline-ticket vendors”. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(12), 1142-1159.
Lowry, P. B., Cao, J., & Everard, A. (2011). “Privacy concerns versus desire for interpersonal awareness in driving the use of self-disclosure technologies: The case of instant messaging in two cultures”. Journal of Management Information Systems, 27(4), 163-200.
Malhotra, N. K., Kim, S. S., & Agarwal, J. (2004). “Internet users' information privacy concerns (IUIPC): The construct, the scale, and a causal model”. Information systems research, 15(4), 336-355.
Malhotra, Naresh K. (2010). “Riset Pemasaran (Marketing Research) (Edisi 4 Jilid 1)”. New Jersey, Indonesia: PT Indeks
McCole, P., Ramsey, E., & Williams, J. (2010). “Trust considerations on attitudes towards online purchasing: The moderating effect of privacy and security concerns”. Journal of Business Research, 63(9-10), 1018-1024.
Metzger, M. J. (2004). “Privacy, trust, and disclosure: Exploring barriers to electronic commerce”. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 9(4), JCMC942.
Metzger, M. J. (2006). “Effects of site, vendor, and consumer characteristics on web site trust and disclosure”. Communication Research, 33(3), 155-179.
Metzger, M. J. (2007). “Communication privacy management in electronic commerce”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(2), 335-361.
Mohammed, Z. A., & Tejay, G. P. (2017). “Examining privacy concerns and ecommerce adoption in developing countries: The impact of culture in shaping individuals' perceptions toward technology”. Computers & Security, 67, 254-265.
Mythen, G. (2004). “Ulrich Beck: a critical introduction to the risk society”. Pluto Press.
Pavlou, P. (2005, August). “Understanding And Mitigating Uncertainty In Online Environments: A Longitudinal Analysis Of The Role Of Trust And Social Presence”. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2005, No. 1, pp. H1-H6). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
Pentina, I., Zhang, L., Bata, H., & Chen, Y. (2016). “Exploring privacy paradox in information-sensitive mobile app adoption: A cross-cultural comparison”. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 409-419.
Poikela, M., Schmidt, R., Wechsung, I., & Möller, S. (2015, September). “FlashPolling privacy: the discrepancy of intention and action in location-based poll participation”. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing and proceedings of the 2015 acm international symposium on wearable computers (pp. 813-818).
Prentice, C., & Loureiro, S. M. C. (2017). “An asymmetrical approach to understanding configurations of customer loyalty in the airline industry”. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 38, 96-107.
Sheng, H., Nah, F. F. H., & Siau, K. (2008). “An experimental study on ubiquitous commerce adoption: Impact of personalization and privacy concerns”. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 9(6), 15.
Shin, D., Choi, M., Kim, J. H., & Lee, J. G. (2016). “Interaction, engagement, and perceived interactivity in single-handed interaction”. Internet Research.
Smith, H. J., Dinev, T., & Xu, H. (2011). “Information privacy research: an interdisciplinary review”. MIS quarterly, 989-1015.
Solimun, 2002, “Multivariate Analysis Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) Lisrel dan Amos”. Fakultas MIPA
Vallina-Rodriguez, N., & Sundaresan, S. (2017). “7 in 10 smartphone apps share your data with third-party services”. The Conversation.
Slyke Van, C., Shim, J. T., Johnson, R., & Jiang, J. J. (2006). “Concern for information privacy and online consumer purchasing”. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 7(6), 16.
Wahab, S., Zahari, A. S. M., Al Momani, K., & Nor, N. A. M. (2011). “The influence of perceived privacy on customer loyalty in mobile phone services: An Empirical Research in Jordan”. International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI), 8(2), 45.
Wang, N., Grossklags, J., & Xu, H. (2013, February). “An online experiment of privacy authorization dialogues for social applications”. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 261-272).
Westin, A. F. (2003). “Social and political dimensions of privacy”. Journal of social issues, 59(2), 431-453.
Widjaja, A. E., Chen, J. V., Sukoco, B. M., & Ha, Q. A. (2019). “Understanding users' willingness to put their personal information on the personal cloud-based storage applications: An empirical study”. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 167-185.
Wottrich, V. M., van Reijmersdal, E. A., & Smit, E. G. (2018). “The privacy trade-off for mobile app downloads: The roles of app value, intrusiveness, and privacy concerns”. Decision support systems, 106, 44-52.
Wu, K. W., Huang, S. Y., Yen, D. C., & Popova, I. (2012). “The effect of online privacy policy on consumer privacy concern and trust”. Computers in human behavior, 28(3), 889-897.
Xu, H., Dinev, T., Smith, H. J., & Hart, P. (2008). “Examining the formation of individual's privacy concerns: Toward an integrative view”.
Xu, H., & Gupta, S. (2009). “The effects of privacy concerns and personal innovativeness on potential and experienced customers’ adoption of location-based services”. Electronic Markets, 19(2-3), 137-149.
Xu, H., Luo, X. R., Carroll, J. M., & Rosson, M. B. (2011). “The personalization privacy paradox: An exploratory study of decision making process for location-aware marketing”. Decision support systems, 51(1), 42-52.
Yang, F. X., & Lau, V. M. (2015). ““LuXurY” hotel loyalty–a comparison of Chinese Gen X and Y tourists to Macau”. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
Yin, G., Zhu, L., & Cheng, X. (2013). “Continuance usage of localized social networking services: A conceptual model and lessons from China”. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 16(3), 7-30.
Youn, S. (2009). “Determinants of online privacy concern and its influence on privacy protection behaviors among young adolescents”. Journal of Consumer affairs, 43(3), 389-418.
Zhao, L., Lu, Y., & Gupta, S. (2012). “Disclosure intention of location-related information in location-based social network services”. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(4), 53-90.
Zhou, T. (2012). “Examining mobile banking user adoption from the perspectives of trust and flow experience”. Information Technology and Management, 13(1), 27-37.
Zulkarnaen, W., Amin, N. N. (2018). Pengaruh Strategi Penetapan Harga Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen. Jurnal Ilmiah MEA (Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi), 2(1), 106-128.
Anic, I. D., Budak, J., Rajh, E., Recher, V., Skare, V., & Skrinjaric, B. (2019). “Extended model of online privacy concern: what drives consumers’ decisions?”. Online Information Review.
Awad, N. F., & Krishnan, M. S. (2006). “The personalization privacy paradox: an empirical evaluation of information transparency and the willingness to be profiled online for personalization”. MIS quarterly, 13-28.
Bakti, I. G. M. Y., & Sumaedi, S. (2013). “An analysis of library customer loyalty: The role of service quality and customer satisfaction, a case study in Indonesia”. Library management.
Borbey, D. (2010). “Mediating social media: examining user risk perception on Facebook” (Doctoral dissertation, Université d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa).
Buchanan, T., Paine, C., Joinson, A. N., & Reips, U. D. (2007). “Development of measures of online privacy concern and protection for use on the Internet”. Journal of the American society for information science and technology, 58(2), 157-165.
Chandon, P., Wansink, B., & Laurent, G. (2000). “A benefit congruency framework of sales promotion effectiveness”. Journal of marketing, 64(4), 65-81.
Chen, R., & Sharma, S. (2012). “Understanding user behavior at social networking sites: A relational capital perspective”. Journal of global information technology management, 15(2), 25-45.
Cocosila, M., Archer, N., & Yuan, Y. (2009). “Early investigation of new information technology acceptance: A perceived risk-motivation model”. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 25(1), 30.
Cranor, L. F., Reagle, J., & Ackerman, M. S. (2000). “Beyond concern: Understanding net users’ attitudes about online privacy”. The Internet upheaval: raising questions, seeking answers in communications policy, 47-70.
Culnan, M. J., & Armstrong, P. K. (1999). “Information privacy concerns, procedural fairness, and impersonal trust: An empirical investigation”. Organization science, 10(1), 104-115.
Culnan, M. J., & Bies, R. J. (2003). “Consumer privacy: Balancing economic and justice considerations”. Journal of social issues, 59(2), 323-342.
Debatin, B., Lovejoy, J. P., Horn, A. K., & Hughes, B. N. (2009). “Facebook and online privacy: Attitudes, behaviors, and unintended consequences”. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 15(1), 83-108.
Dinev, T., Bellotto, M., Hart, P., Russo, V., Serra, I., & Colautti, C. (2006). “Privacy calculus model in e-commerce–a study of Italy and the United States”. European Journal of Information Systems, 15(4), 389-402.
Dinev, T., & Hart, P. (2004). “Internet privacy concerns and their antecedents-measurement validity and a regression model”. Behaviour & Information Technology, 23(6), 413-422.
Dinev, T., & Hart, P. (2006). “An extended privacy calculus model for e-commerce transactions”. Information systems research, 17(1), 61-80.
Featherman, M. S., Miyazaki, A. D., & Sprott, D. E. (2010). “Reducing online privacy risk to facilitate e‐service adoption: the influence of perceived ease of use and corporate credibility”. Journal of Services Marketing.
Fogel, J., & Nehmad, E. (2009). “Internet social network communities: Risk taking, trust, and privacy concerns”. Computers in human behavior, 25(1), 153-160.
Gal-Or, E., Gal-Or, R., & Penmetsa, N. (2018). “The role of user privacy concerns in shaping competition among platforms”. Information Systems Research, 29(3), 698-722.
Ghozali, I. (2011). “Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 19”. Edisi Kelima. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.
Ginosar, A., & Ariel, Y. (2017). “An analytical framework for online privacy research: What is missing?”. Information & Management, 54(7), 948-957.
Gu, J., Xu, Y. C., Xu, H., Zhang, C., & Ling, H. (2017). “Privacy concerns for mobile app download: An elaboration likelihood model perspective”. Decision Support Systems, 94, 19-28.
Gutierrez, A., O'Leary, S., Rana, N. P., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Calle, T. (2019). “Using privacy calculus theory to explore entrepreneurial directions in mobile location-based advertising: Identifying intrusiveness as the critical risk factor”. Computers in Human Behavior, 95, 295-306.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B.J., dan Black, W. C. (2010). “Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective” (Vol. 7).
Hallowell, R. (1996). “The relationships of customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and profitability: an empirical study”. International journal of service industry management.
Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., & Gremler, D. D. (2002). “Understanding relationship marketing outcomes: an integration of relational benefits and relationship quality”. Journal of service research, 4(3), 230-247.
Hong, W., & Thong, J. Y. (2013). “Internet privacy concerns: An integrated conceptualization and four empirical studies”. Mis Quarterly, 275-298.
Jiang, Z., Heng, C. S., & Choi, B. C. (2013). “Research note—privacy concerns and privacy-protective behavior in synchronous online social interactions”. Information Systems Research, 24(3), 579-595.
Joinson, A. N. (2008, April). “Looking at, looking up or keeping up with people? Motives and use of Facebook”. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1027-1036).
Jones, T. O., & Sasser, W. E. (1995). “Why satisfied customers defect”. Harvard business review, 73(6), 88.
Keller, K. L. (1993). “Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity”. Journal of marketing, 57(1), 1-22.
Kim, M. J., Chung, N., & Lee, C. K. (2011). “The effect of perceived trust on electronic commerce: Shopping online for tourism products and services in South Korea”. Tourism Management, 32(2), 256-265.
Koohang, A. (2017). “Social media sites privacy concerns: Empirical validation of an instrument”. Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management (OJAKM), 5(1), 14-26.
Koohang, A., Paliszkiewicz, J., & Goluchowski, J. (2018). “Social media privacy concerns: trusting beliefs and risk beliefs”. Industrial Management & Data Systems.
Krasnova, H., Spiekermann, S., Koroleva, K., & Hildebrand, T. (2010). “Online social networks: why we disclose”. Journal of information technology, 25(2), 109-125.
Laufer, R. S., & Wolfe, M. (1977). “Privacy as a concept and a social issue: A multidimensional developmental theory”. Journal of social Issues, 33(3), 22-42.
Lee, H., Park, H., & Kim, J. (2013). “Why do people share their context information on Social Network Services? A qualitative study and an experimental study on users' behavior of balancing perceived benefit and risk”. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 71(9), 862-877.
Liang, C. C., & Shiau, W. L. (2018). “Moderating effect of privacy concerns and subjective norms between satisfaction and repurchase of airline e-ticket through airline-ticket vendors”. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(12), 1142-1159.
Lowry, P. B., Cao, J., & Everard, A. (2011). “Privacy concerns versus desire for interpersonal awareness in driving the use of self-disclosure technologies: The case of instant messaging in two cultures”. Journal of Management Information Systems, 27(4), 163-200.
Malhotra, N. K., Kim, S. S., & Agarwal, J. (2004). “Internet users' information privacy concerns (IUIPC): The construct, the scale, and a causal model”. Information systems research, 15(4), 336-355.
Malhotra, Naresh K. (2010). “Riset Pemasaran (Marketing Research) (Edisi 4 Jilid 1)”. New Jersey, Indonesia: PT Indeks
McCole, P., Ramsey, E., & Williams, J. (2010). “Trust considerations on attitudes towards online purchasing: The moderating effect of privacy and security concerns”. Journal of Business Research, 63(9-10), 1018-1024.
Metzger, M. J. (2004). “Privacy, trust, and disclosure: Exploring barriers to electronic commerce”. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 9(4), JCMC942.
Metzger, M. J. (2006). “Effects of site, vendor, and consumer characteristics on web site trust and disclosure”. Communication Research, 33(3), 155-179.
Metzger, M. J. (2007). “Communication privacy management in electronic commerce”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(2), 335-361.
Mohammed, Z. A., & Tejay, G. P. (2017). “Examining privacy concerns and ecommerce adoption in developing countries: The impact of culture in shaping individuals' perceptions toward technology”. Computers & Security, 67, 254-265.
Mythen, G. (2004). “Ulrich Beck: a critical introduction to the risk society”. Pluto Press.
Pavlou, P. (2005, August). “Understanding And Mitigating Uncertainty In Online Environments: A Longitudinal Analysis Of The Role Of Trust And Social Presence”. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2005, No. 1, pp. H1-H6). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
Pentina, I., Zhang, L., Bata, H., & Chen, Y. (2016). “Exploring privacy paradox in information-sensitive mobile app adoption: A cross-cultural comparison”. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 409-419.
Poikela, M., Schmidt, R., Wechsung, I., & Möller, S. (2015, September). “FlashPolling privacy: the discrepancy of intention and action in location-based poll participation”. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on pervasive and ubiquitous computing and proceedings of the 2015 acm international symposium on wearable computers (pp. 813-818).
Prentice, C., & Loureiro, S. M. C. (2017). “An asymmetrical approach to understanding configurations of customer loyalty in the airline industry”. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 38, 96-107.
Sheng, H., Nah, F. F. H., & Siau, K. (2008). “An experimental study on ubiquitous commerce adoption: Impact of personalization and privacy concerns”. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 9(6), 15.
Shin, D., Choi, M., Kim, J. H., & Lee, J. G. (2016). “Interaction, engagement, and perceived interactivity in single-handed interaction”. Internet Research.
Smith, H. J., Dinev, T., & Xu, H. (2011). “Information privacy research: an interdisciplinary review”. MIS quarterly, 989-1015.
Solimun, 2002, “Multivariate Analysis Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) Lisrel dan Amos”. Fakultas MIPA
Vallina-Rodriguez, N., & Sundaresan, S. (2017). “7 in 10 smartphone apps share your data with third-party services”. The Conversation.
Slyke Van, C., Shim, J. T., Johnson, R., & Jiang, J. J. (2006). “Concern for information privacy and online consumer purchasing”. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 7(6), 16.
Wahab, S., Zahari, A. S. M., Al Momani, K., & Nor, N. A. M. (2011). “The influence of perceived privacy on customer loyalty in mobile phone services: An Empirical Research in Jordan”. International Journal of Computer Science Issues (IJCSI), 8(2), 45.
Wang, N., Grossklags, J., & Xu, H. (2013, February). “An online experiment of privacy authorization dialogues for social applications”. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 261-272).
Westin, A. F. (2003). “Social and political dimensions of privacy”. Journal of social issues, 59(2), 431-453.
Widjaja, A. E., Chen, J. V., Sukoco, B. M., & Ha, Q. A. (2019). “Understanding users' willingness to put their personal information on the personal cloud-based storage applications: An empirical study”. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 167-185.
Wottrich, V. M., van Reijmersdal, E. A., & Smit, E. G. (2018). “The privacy trade-off for mobile app downloads: The roles of app value, intrusiveness, and privacy concerns”. Decision support systems, 106, 44-52.
Wu, K. W., Huang, S. Y., Yen, D. C., & Popova, I. (2012). “The effect of online privacy policy on consumer privacy concern and trust”. Computers in human behavior, 28(3), 889-897.
Xu, H., Dinev, T., Smith, H. J., & Hart, P. (2008). “Examining the formation of individual's privacy concerns: Toward an integrative view”.
Xu, H., & Gupta, S. (2009). “The effects of privacy concerns and personal innovativeness on potential and experienced customers’ adoption of location-based services”. Electronic Markets, 19(2-3), 137-149.
Xu, H., Luo, X. R., Carroll, J. M., & Rosson, M. B. (2011). “The personalization privacy paradox: An exploratory study of decision making process for location-aware marketing”. Decision support systems, 51(1), 42-52.
Yang, F. X., & Lau, V. M. (2015). ““LuXurY” hotel loyalty–a comparison of Chinese Gen X and Y tourists to Macau”. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
Yin, G., Zhu, L., & Cheng, X. (2013). “Continuance usage of localized social networking services: A conceptual model and lessons from China”. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 16(3), 7-30.
Youn, S. (2009). “Determinants of online privacy concern and its influence on privacy protection behaviors among young adolescents”. Journal of Consumer affairs, 43(3), 389-418.
Zhao, L., Lu, Y., & Gupta, S. (2012). “Disclosure intention of location-related information in location-based social network services”. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(4), 53-90.
Zhou, T. (2012). “Examining mobile banking user adoption from the perspectives of trust and flow experience”. Information Technology and Management, 13(1), 27-37.
Zulkarnaen, W., Amin, N. N. (2018). Pengaruh Strategi Penetapan Harga Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen. Jurnal Ilmiah MEA (Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi), 2(1), 106-128.
Published
2021-10-17
How to Cite
Rizaldi, I., & Kurniawati, M. (2021). An ANTESEDEN PRIVACY CONCERNS SERTA DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP LOYALTY. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 5(3), 1639-1661. https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v5i3.1595
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