GIG ECONOMY SHAKEUP : HOW IT’S RESHAPING JOBS, PAYCHECKS AND THE WORLD’S ECONOMY
Keywords:
Gig Economy; Wages; Unemployment; GDP; Bibliometric Approach
Abstract
The gig economy has arisen as a dynamic yet intricate factor in worldwide labor markets, providing workers with more flexibility but also posing substantial challenges concerning job security, wages, and legal protections. This research uses a bibliometric review of 980 academic articles and investigates significant elements influencing the gig economy, such as actual salaries, inflation rates, joblessness, data utilization, and gender interactions. Five primary groupings were detected, each illustrating the intricate connection among these variables. The results show that although the gig economy offers flexible work options, it also worsens problems like income inequality, exploitation, and gender disparities. Utilizing data-driven strategies and organizing labor movements are becoming more crucial in addressing these issues, providing gig workers with resources to enhance their work environments. This article discusses the economic and social impacts of the gig economy, and suggests policy suggestions to promote a fairer and more comprehensive job market for all employees.
References
Adhitya, D., Maesyaroh, W. U., Tanjung, I. R., & Remayasari, M. (2021). KONDISI TINGKAT PENGANGGURAN DI INDONESIA PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19: STUDI KASUS DENGAN PENDEKATAN METODE ARIMA. Jurnal Ilmiah MEA (Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi), 5(2), 1665–1678. https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v5i2.1367
Ali Mohamad Mouazen, & Ana Beatriz Hernández-Lara. (2023). Entrepreneurial ecosystem, gig economy practices and Women’s entrepreneurship: the case of Lebanon. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/ijge-07-2022-0116
Barnett, A., Bate, N., Belsham, T., Berry, S., Davey, M., Forbes, K., Harrison, R., Holman, W., Latto, D., Macallan, C., Ramsay, G., & Saunders, M. (2017). Work, Wages and Monetary Policy. https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/speech984.pdf
Cherry, M. A., & Aloisi, A. (2016, October 22). “Dependent Contractors” in the Gig Economy: A Comparative Approach. Papers.ssrn.com. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2847869
Demeter, R., & Kovari, A. (2024). Labor Market Analysis for IT Jobs. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 21(3), 93–107. https://doi.org/10.12700/aph.21.3.2024.3.7
De Stefano, V. (2015). The Rise of the “Just-in-Time Workforce”: On-Demand Work, Crowd Work and Labour Protection in the “Gig-Economy.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 71(3). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2682602
Dissertations, W., Studies, D., & Blanchard, J. (2024). ScholarWorks ScholarWorks Strategies for Addressing the Lack of Skilled Workers in the Gig Strategies for Addressing the Lack of Skilled Workers in the Gig Economy Economy. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=16885&context=dissertations
Gao, Z. (2023). Credential Inflation: Development of Take-Away Delivery and College Wage Premium. Credential Inflation: Development of Take-Away Delivery and College Wage Premium. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4523055
Green, K. (2021, July 6). Unionizing the Gig Economy: A Path Forward For Gig Workers. UnionTrack. https://uniontrack.com/blog/unionizing-the-gig-economy
Guo, Q., Chen, S., & Zeng, X. (2024). Digital finance, Bargaining Power and Gender Wage Gap. ArXiv.org. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.15486
Harris, S., & Krueger, A. (2015). The Hamilton Project • Brookings 1 A Proposal for Modernizing Labor Laws for Twenty-First-Century Work: The “Independent Worker.” https://www.hamiltonproject.org/assets/files/modernizing_labor_laws_for_twenty_first_century_work_krueger_harris.pdf
Hasan, A., & Zaheer, R. (2022). FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR UNEMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN: A TIME SERIES EVIDENCE. Journal of Research in Social Development and Sustainability, 1(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.56596/jrsds.v1i2.15
Hasan, A., & Zaheer, R. (2024). View of FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR UNEMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN: A TIME SERIES EVIDENCE. Csrpublisher.com. https://journals.csrpublisher.com/index.php/JRSDS/article/view/15/38
Hunt, A., & Samman, E. (2019, January 24). Gender and the gig economy: critical steps for evidence-based policy. ODI: Think Change. https://odi.org/en/publications/gender-and-the-gig-economy-critical-steps-for-evidence-based-policy/
Kässi, O., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2018). Online labour index: Measuring the online gig economy for policy and research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 137(C), 241–248. https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/tefoso/v137y2018icp241-248.html
Kecht, V., & Marcolin, G. (2022). Gig Work as Income Insurance during Unemployment: Evidence from Germany. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4085808
Kerikmäe, T., & Kajander, A. (2022). Gig economy workers in the European Union: towards changing their legal classification. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 131(131), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2022.131.2.117/en
Kingdon, G., Sandefur, J., & Teal, F. (2006). Labour Market Flexibility, Wages and Incomes in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s. African Development Review, 18(3), 392–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2006.00144.x
Kuzub, A. (2024, May 22). AI-enhanced collective bargaining tools could help gig workers solve problems. Techxplore.com; Tech Xplore. https://techxplore.com/news/2024-05-ai-bargaining-tools-gig-workers.html#google_vignette
Lamo, A., Pérez, J. J., & Schuknecht, L. (2013). The cyclicality of consumption, wages and employment of the public sector in the euro area. Applied Economics, 45(12), 1551–1569. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.631895
Lund, S., Madgavkar, A., Manyika, J., Smit, S., Ellingrud, K., & Robinson, O. (2021, February 18). The future of work after COVID-19. McKinsey & Company; McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/the-future-of-work-after-covid-19
Masterson, K. (2024, March 24). 25 Latest Gig Economy Statistics For 2024 (Industry Data) - 33rd Square. Www.33rdsquare.com. https://www.33rdsquare.com/gig-economy-statistics/
Mathieu, S., Treloar, A., Hawgood, J., Ross, V., & Kõlves, K. (2022). The Role of Unemployment, Financial Hardship, and Economic Recession on Suicidal Behaviors and Interventions to Mitigate Their Impact: A Review. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.907052
Mohsin, ali, Hafezali, I. H., Qasim, A. N., chang, Y., baharom, A. H., & ziyaad, M. (2024). View of Developing A Social Security Micro-Takaful Model for Gig Economy Workforce. Cude.es, 46(130, 73-86). https://cude.es/submit-a-manuscript/index.php/CUDE/article/view/361/259
Mou Rani Sarker, Tanjum Afrin Taj, Rouf, A., Md Fuad Hassan, McKenzie, A. M., Mamun, A., Sarker, D., & Bhandari, H. (2024). Gender differences in job satisfaction among gig workers in Bangladesh. Scientific Reports, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68327-5
Muhammad Shahid. (2019). Effect of Inflation and Unemployment on Economic Growth in Pakistan. Core.ac.uk, 5(15). oai:ojs.localhost:article/15309
Nemeth, D. J. (2020). Book Review: Riding for Deliveroo: Resistance in the New Economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 089124242094052. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242420940522
Peck, J. (2023). Quantifying the Costs of Rising Unemployment. https://www.workrisenetwork.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/quantifying-costs-rising-unemployment.pdf
Poschke, M. (2024). Wage employment, unemployment and self-employment across countries. Journal of Monetary Economics, 103684–103684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2024.103684
Pulignano, V. (2019). Work and Employment under the Gig Economy. Partecipazione E Conflitto, 12(3), 629–639. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v12i3p629
Schwellnus, C., Geva, A., Pak, M., & Veiel, R. (2019, May 21). Gig economy platforms: Boon or Bane? OECD ILibrary. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/gig-economy-platforms-boon-or-bane_fdb0570b-en
Sharma, D., Chaudhary, M., Jaswal, N., & Bhardwaj, D. B. (2022). Hiding Behind The SWOT: Gender Equality and COVID-19. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(6), 730–740. http://mail.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/7052
Stewart, A., & Stanford, J. (2017). Regulating Work in the Gig economy: What Are the options? The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28(3), 420–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304617722461
Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good Gig, Bad Gig: Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017018785616
Zhang, C., Jian, Y., Zhou, Z., & Zhou, B. (2024). Can the Digital Economy Close the Gender Wage Gap? Evidence from China. International Review of Economics & Finance, 96, 103604–103604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103604
Ali Mohamad Mouazen, & Ana Beatriz Hernández-Lara. (2023). Entrepreneurial ecosystem, gig economy practices and Women’s entrepreneurship: the case of Lebanon. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/ijge-07-2022-0116
Barnett, A., Bate, N., Belsham, T., Berry, S., Davey, M., Forbes, K., Harrison, R., Holman, W., Latto, D., Macallan, C., Ramsay, G., & Saunders, M. (2017). Work, Wages and Monetary Policy. https://thenextrecession.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/speech984.pdf
Cherry, M. A., & Aloisi, A. (2016, October 22). “Dependent Contractors” in the Gig Economy: A Comparative Approach. Papers.ssrn.com. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2847869
Demeter, R., & Kovari, A. (2024). Labor Market Analysis for IT Jobs. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 21(3), 93–107. https://doi.org/10.12700/aph.21.3.2024.3.7
De Stefano, V. (2015). The Rise of the “Just-in-Time Workforce”: On-Demand Work, Crowd Work and Labour Protection in the “Gig-Economy.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 71(3). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2682602
Dissertations, W., Studies, D., & Blanchard, J. (2024). ScholarWorks ScholarWorks Strategies for Addressing the Lack of Skilled Workers in the Gig Strategies for Addressing the Lack of Skilled Workers in the Gig Economy Economy. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=16885&context=dissertations
Gao, Z. (2023). Credential Inflation: Development of Take-Away Delivery and College Wage Premium. Credential Inflation: Development of Take-Away Delivery and College Wage Premium. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4523055
Green, K. (2021, July 6). Unionizing the Gig Economy: A Path Forward For Gig Workers. UnionTrack. https://uniontrack.com/blog/unionizing-the-gig-economy
Guo, Q., Chen, S., & Zeng, X. (2024). Digital finance, Bargaining Power and Gender Wage Gap. ArXiv.org. https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.15486
Harris, S., & Krueger, A. (2015). The Hamilton Project • Brookings 1 A Proposal for Modernizing Labor Laws for Twenty-First-Century Work: The “Independent Worker.” https://www.hamiltonproject.org/assets/files/modernizing_labor_laws_for_twenty_first_century_work_krueger_harris.pdf
Hasan, A., & Zaheer, R. (2022). FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR UNEMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN: A TIME SERIES EVIDENCE. Journal of Research in Social Development and Sustainability, 1(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.56596/jrsds.v1i2.15
Hasan, A., & Zaheer, R. (2024). View of FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR UNEMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN: A TIME SERIES EVIDENCE. Csrpublisher.com. https://journals.csrpublisher.com/index.php/JRSDS/article/view/15/38
Hunt, A., & Samman, E. (2019, January 24). Gender and the gig economy: critical steps for evidence-based policy. ODI: Think Change. https://odi.org/en/publications/gender-and-the-gig-economy-critical-steps-for-evidence-based-policy/
Kässi, O., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2018). Online labour index: Measuring the online gig economy for policy and research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 137(C), 241–248. https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/tefoso/v137y2018icp241-248.html
Kecht, V., & Marcolin, G. (2022). Gig Work as Income Insurance during Unemployment: Evidence from Germany. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4085808
Kerikmäe, T., & Kajander, A. (2022). Gig economy workers in the European Union: towards changing their legal classification. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 131(131), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2022.131.2.117/en
Kingdon, G., Sandefur, J., & Teal, F. (2006). Labour Market Flexibility, Wages and Incomes in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s. African Development Review, 18(3), 392–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2006.00144.x
Kuzub, A. (2024, May 22). AI-enhanced collective bargaining tools could help gig workers solve problems. Techxplore.com; Tech Xplore. https://techxplore.com/news/2024-05-ai-bargaining-tools-gig-workers.html#google_vignette
Lamo, A., Pérez, J. J., & Schuknecht, L. (2013). The cyclicality of consumption, wages and employment of the public sector in the euro area. Applied Economics, 45(12), 1551–1569. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.631895
Lund, S., Madgavkar, A., Manyika, J., Smit, S., Ellingrud, K., & Robinson, O. (2021, February 18). The future of work after COVID-19. McKinsey & Company; McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/the-future-of-work-after-covid-19
Masterson, K. (2024, March 24). 25 Latest Gig Economy Statistics For 2024 (Industry Data) - 33rd Square. Www.33rdsquare.com. https://www.33rdsquare.com/gig-economy-statistics/
Mathieu, S., Treloar, A., Hawgood, J., Ross, V., & Kõlves, K. (2022). The Role of Unemployment, Financial Hardship, and Economic Recession on Suicidal Behaviors and Interventions to Mitigate Their Impact: A Review. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.907052
Mohsin, ali, Hafezali, I. H., Qasim, A. N., chang, Y., baharom, A. H., & ziyaad, M. (2024). View of Developing A Social Security Micro-Takaful Model for Gig Economy Workforce. Cude.es, 46(130, 73-86). https://cude.es/submit-a-manuscript/index.php/CUDE/article/view/361/259
Mou Rani Sarker, Tanjum Afrin Taj, Rouf, A., Md Fuad Hassan, McKenzie, A. M., Mamun, A., Sarker, D., & Bhandari, H. (2024). Gender differences in job satisfaction among gig workers in Bangladesh. Scientific Reports, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68327-5
Muhammad Shahid. (2019). Effect of Inflation and Unemployment on Economic Growth in Pakistan. Core.ac.uk, 5(15). oai:ojs.localhost:article/15309
Nemeth, D. J. (2020). Book Review: Riding for Deliveroo: Resistance in the New Economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 089124242094052. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242420940522
Peck, J. (2023). Quantifying the Costs of Rising Unemployment. https://www.workrisenetwork.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/quantifying-costs-rising-unemployment.pdf
Poschke, M. (2024). Wage employment, unemployment and self-employment across countries. Journal of Monetary Economics, 103684–103684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2024.103684
Pulignano, V. (2019). Work and Employment under the Gig Economy. Partecipazione E Conflitto, 12(3), 629–639. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v12i3p629
Schwellnus, C., Geva, A., Pak, M., & Veiel, R. (2019, May 21). Gig economy platforms: Boon or Bane? OECD ILibrary. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/gig-economy-platforms-boon-or-bane_fdb0570b-en
Sharma, D., Chaudhary, M., Jaswal, N., & Bhardwaj, D. B. (2022). Hiding Behind The SWOT: Gender Equality and COVID-19. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(6), 730–740. http://mail.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/7052
Stewart, A., & Stanford, J. (2017). Regulating Work in the Gig economy: What Are the options? The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28(3), 420–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304617722461
Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good Gig, Bad Gig: Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017018785616
Zhang, C., Jian, Y., Zhou, Z., & Zhou, B. (2024). Can the Digital Economy Close the Gender Wage Gap? Evidence from China. International Review of Economics & Finance, 96, 103604–103604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103604
Published
2025-01-29
How to Cite
Budoyo, Y., & Suyanto, S. (2025). GIG ECONOMY SHAKEUP : HOW IT’S RESHAPING JOBS, PAYCHECKS AND THE WORLD’S ECONOMY. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 9(1), 498-511. https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v9i1.4942
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
