THE ART OF VIRTUAL LEADERSHIP : INSIGHTS FROM A LITERATURE REVIEW
Keywords:
digital, virtual, leadership
Abstract
As the world becomes increasingly digital, virtual leadership is becoming more and more prevalent. The ability to lead teams and organizations from a remote location is a skill that is in high demand. But what does it take to be a successful virtual leader? A recent systematic literature review delves into the art of virtual leadership and reveals some key insights. In this review, researchers analyzed various studies on virtual leadership and identified common themes and best practices. From communication strategies to technology tools, the review provides a comprehensive guide for those looking to lead teams in a virtual environment. Whether you're a seasoned virtual leader or just starting to navigate the world of remote work, the insights from this review are sure to be valuable. So, let's dive in and explore the art of virtual leadership together
References
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Aquino, J. F., Riss, R. R., Multerer, S. M., Mogilner, L. N., & Turner, T. L. (2022). A step-by-step guide for mentors to facilitate team building and communication in virtual teams. Medical Education Online, 27(1), 2094529.
Azukas, M. E. (2022). Leading remotely: competencies required for virtual leadership. TechTrends, 66(2), 327-337.
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Casebier, M. W. (2014). Exploring leadership styles involved in preventing deviant behaviors that affect the sustainability of virtual teams. Northcentral University.
Chen, C. C., Wu, J., Ma, M., & Knight, M. B. (2011). Enhancing virtual learning team performance: A leadership perspective. Human Systems Management, 30(4), 215-228.
Cowan, L. D. (2014). E-Leadership: Leading in a virtual environment-Guiding principles for nurse leaders. Nursing Economics, 32(6), 312.
Cripe, K. M., & Burleigh, C. (2022). Examining leadership skills, behaviors, and effective communication for virtual IT project managers. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 28(3/4), 223-237.
Duran, V., & Popescu, A. D. (2014). The challenge of multicultural communication in virtual teams. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 365-369.
Efimov, I., Harth, V., & Mache, S. (2020). Health-oriented self-and employee leadership in virtual teams: A qualitative study with virtual leaders. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(18), 6519.
Eisenberg, J., & Krishnan, A. (2018). Addressing virtual work challenges: learning from the field. Organization Management Journal, 15(2), 78-94.
Ferrell, J., & Kline, K. (2018). Facilitating trust and communication in virtual teams. People & Strategy, 41(2), 30-36.
Foster, M. K., Abbey, A., Callow, M. A., Zu, X., & Wilbon, A. D. (2015). Rethinking virtuality and its impact on teams. Small Group Research, 46(3), 267-299.
Gazor, H. (2012). A literature review on challenges of virtual team's leadership. Journal of Sociological Research, 3(2), 134-145.
Gonçalves, P., Ferreira, L., Gonçalves, J., Putnik, G. D., & Cruz-Cunha, M. M. (2014). Direct communication versus virtual communication in virtual teams. Procedia Technology, 16, 3-10.
Hacker, J. V., Johnson, M., Saunders, C., & Thayer, A. L. (2019). Trust in virtual teams: A multidisciplinary review and integration. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 23.
Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (2013). Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland press.
Hambley, L. A., O’Neill, T. A., & Kline, T. J. (2007). Virtual team leadership: The effects of leadership style and communication medium on team interaction styles and outcomes. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 103(1), 1-20.
Helmold, M. (2021). New work, transformational and virtual leadership. Lessons from COVID-19 and other crises.
Hill, N., & Bartol, K. (2018). Five ways to improve communication in virtual teams. MIT Sloan Management Review.
Hoch, J. E., & Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership. Journal of applied psychology, 99(3), 390.
Horwitz, F. M., Bravington, D., & Silvis, U. (2006). The promise of virtual teams: identifying key factors in effectiveness and failure. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(6), 472-494.
Husbands, C. (2020). Leading, learning and lockdown: first thoughts on lessons for leadership from the coronavirus crisis.
Ibrahim, M. Y. (2015). Model of virtual leadership, intra-team communication and job performance among school leaders in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 674-680.
Iriqat, R. A., & Khalaf, D. M. (2018). Does building trust enhance the effect of e-leadership on the organizational commitment? Empirical evidence from Islamic Banks in Palestine. Modern Applied Science, 12(9), 98.
Jang, C. Y. (2013). Facilitating trust in virtual teams: The role of awareness. Journal of Competitiveness Studies, 21(1/2), 61.
Jannati, B. R. A., & Supriyanto, H. A. S. (2022). Peran Sikap Kepemimpinan Pada Kualitas Kerja Karyawan Melalui Kompensasi Kerja. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 6(3), 2104-2121.
Jawadi, N., Daassi, M., Favier, M., & Kalika, M. (2013). Relationship building in virtual teams: A leadership behavioral complexity perspective. Human Systems Management, 32(3), 199-211.
Kerfoot, K. M. (2010). Listening to see: The key to virtual leadership. Nursing Economics, 28(2), 114.
Knight, E., & Paroutis, S. (2017). Becoming salient: The TMT leader’s role in shaping the interpretive context of paradoxical tensions. Organization studies, 38(3-4), 403-432.
Kohntopp, T., & McCann, J. (2019). Virtual Leadership in Organizations: Potential Competitive Advantage?.
Koles, B., & Nagy, P. (2014). Virtual worlds as digital workplaces: Conceptualizing the affordances of virtual worlds to expand the social and professional spheres in organizations. Organizational Psychology Review, 4(2), 175-195.
Krumm, S., Kanthak, J., Hartmann, K., & Hertel, G. (2016). What does it take to be a virtual team player? The knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics required in virtual teams. Human Performance, 29(2), 123-142.
Laitinen, K., & Valo, M. (2018). Meanings of communication technology in virtual team meetings: Framing technology-related interaction. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 111, 12-22.
Lee, M. R. (2021). Leading virtual project teams: Adapting leadership theories and communications techniques to 21st century organizations. CRC press.
Liao, C. (2017). Leadership in virtual teams: A multilevel perspective. Human resource management review, 27(4), 648-659.
Lilian, S. C. (2014). Virtual teams: Opportunities and challenges for e-leaders. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 110, 1251-1261.
Makarius, E. E., & Larson, B. Z. (2017). Changing the perspective of virtual work: Building virtual intelligence at the individual level. Academy of Management Perspectives, 31(2), 159-178.
Malhotra, A., Majchrzak, A., & Rosen, B. (2007). Leading virtual teams. Academy of Management perspectives, 21(1), 60-70.
Marlow, S. L., Lacerenza, C. N., & Salas, E. (2017). Communication in virtual teams: A conceptual framework and research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 27(4), 575-589.
Mehtab, K., ur Rehman, A., Ishfaq, S., & Jamil, R. A. (2017). Virtual leadership: A review paper. Social Sciences, 8(4), S1.
Morgan, L., Paucar-Caceres, A., & Wright, G. (2014). Leading effective global virtual teams: The consequences of methods of communication. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 27, 607-624.
Norman, S. M., Avey, J., Larson, M., & Hughes, L. (2020). The development of trust in virtual leader–follower relationships. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 15(3), 279-295.
Pitts, V. E., Wright, N. A., & Harkabus, L. C. (2012). Communication in virtual teams: The role of emotional intelligence. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 12(3/4), 21-34.
Pullan, P. (2016). Virtual leadership. Itnow, 58(3), 58-59.
Purvanova, R. K., & Kenda, R. (2018). Paradoxical virtual leadership: Reconsidering virtuality through a paradox lens. Group & Organization Management, 43(5), 752-786.
Raffoni, M. (5). Questions that (newly) virtual leaders should ask themselves. Harvard Business Review vom, 1, 2020.
Richardson, J. W., LaFrance, J., & Beck, D. (2015). Challenges of virtual school leadership. American Journal of Distance Education, 29(1), 18-29.
Robert Jr, L. P. (2016, February). Monitoring and trust in virtual teams. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 245-259).
Rosen, B., Furst, S., & Blackburn, R. (2006). Training for virtual teams: An investigation of current practices and future needs. Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management, 45(2), 229-247.
Roy, S. R. (2012). Digital mastery: The skills needed for effective virtual leadership. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 8(3), 56-66.
Roussin, C. J., & Webber, S. S. (2012). Impact of organizational identification and psychological safety on initial perceptions of coworker trustworthiness. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27, 317-329.
Sahay, K., & Baul, U. (2014). Comparison of traditional leadership and e-leadership: A study of organizational effectiveness in today's scenario. PURUSHARTHA-A journal of Management, Ethics and Spirituality, 7(2), 40-59.
Saltman, D. C. (2020). Is COVID-19 an opportunity to improve virtual leadership. Aust J Gen Pract, 49(Suppl 12).
Samartinho, J., Silva, P., & Faria, J. (2014). Good practices in virtual leadership–the e-3cs rule (communication, trust and coordination).
Schmidt, G. B. (2014). Virtual leadership: An important leadership context. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 7(2), 182-187.
Sebastian, K., & Hess, J. (2019). Leader emotional intelligence and work engagement in virtual teams within a healthcare service setting: A quantitative study. Oklahoma State Medical Proceedings, 3(1).
Tenzer, H., & Pudelko, M. (2016). Media choice in multilingual virtual teams. Journal of International Business Studies, 47, 427-452.
Thambusamy, R. X., & Bekiroğulları, Z. (2020). Virtual leadership in small businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and possibilities. The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences.
Ziek, P., & Smulowitz, S. (2014). The impact of emergent virtual leadership competencies on team effectiveness. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 35(2), 106-120.
Zimmermann, P., Wit, A., & Gill, R. (2008). The relative importance of leadership behaviours in virtual and face-to-face communication settings. Leadership, 4(3), 321-337.
Aquino, J. F., Riss, R. R., Multerer, S. M., Mogilner, L. N., & Turner, T. L. (2022). A step-by-step guide for mentors to facilitate team building and communication in virtual teams. Medical Education Online, 27(1), 2094529.
Azukas, M. E. (2022). Leading remotely: competencies required for virtual leadership. TechTrends, 66(2), 327-337.
Bryant, N. (2013). Leadership development as a relational process: A grounded theory investigation of leader experiences (Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology).
Byrd, L. (2019). Virtual action learning for virtual leadership development. Performance Improvement, 58(8-9), 20-25.
Casebier, M. W. (2014). Exploring leadership styles involved in preventing deviant behaviors that affect the sustainability of virtual teams. Northcentral University.
Chen, C. C., Wu, J., Ma, M., & Knight, M. B. (2011). Enhancing virtual learning team performance: A leadership perspective. Human Systems Management, 30(4), 215-228.
Cowan, L. D. (2014). E-Leadership: Leading in a virtual environment-Guiding principles for nurse leaders. Nursing Economics, 32(6), 312.
Cripe, K. M., & Burleigh, C. (2022). Examining leadership skills, behaviors, and effective communication for virtual IT project managers. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 28(3/4), 223-237.
Duran, V., & Popescu, A. D. (2014). The challenge of multicultural communication in virtual teams. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 365-369.
Efimov, I., Harth, V., & Mache, S. (2020). Health-oriented self-and employee leadership in virtual teams: A qualitative study with virtual leaders. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(18), 6519.
Eisenberg, J., & Krishnan, A. (2018). Addressing virtual work challenges: learning from the field. Organization Management Journal, 15(2), 78-94.
Ferrell, J., & Kline, K. (2018). Facilitating trust and communication in virtual teams. People & Strategy, 41(2), 30-36.
Foster, M. K., Abbey, A., Callow, M. A., Zu, X., & Wilbon, A. D. (2015). Rethinking virtuality and its impact on teams. Small Group Research, 46(3), 267-299.
Gazor, H. (2012). A literature review on challenges of virtual team's leadership. Journal of Sociological Research, 3(2), 134-145.
Gonçalves, P., Ferreira, L., Gonçalves, J., Putnik, G. D., & Cruz-Cunha, M. M. (2014). Direct communication versus virtual communication in virtual teams. Procedia Technology, 16, 3-10.
Hacker, J. V., Johnson, M., Saunders, C., & Thayer, A. L. (2019). Trust in virtual teams: A multidisciplinary review and integration. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 23.
Hackman, M. Z., & Johnson, C. E. (2013). Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland press.
Hambley, L. A., O’Neill, T. A., & Kline, T. J. (2007). Virtual team leadership: The effects of leadership style and communication medium on team interaction styles and outcomes. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 103(1), 1-20.
Helmold, M. (2021). New work, transformational and virtual leadership. Lessons from COVID-19 and other crises.
Hill, N., & Bartol, K. (2018). Five ways to improve communication in virtual teams. MIT Sloan Management Review.
Hoch, J. E., & Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership. Journal of applied psychology, 99(3), 390.
Horwitz, F. M., Bravington, D., & Silvis, U. (2006). The promise of virtual teams: identifying key factors in effectiveness and failure. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(6), 472-494.
Husbands, C. (2020). Leading, learning and lockdown: first thoughts on lessons for leadership from the coronavirus crisis.
Ibrahim, M. Y. (2015). Model of virtual leadership, intra-team communication and job performance among school leaders in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 674-680.
Iriqat, R. A., & Khalaf, D. M. (2018). Does building trust enhance the effect of e-leadership on the organizational commitment? Empirical evidence from Islamic Banks in Palestine. Modern Applied Science, 12(9), 98.
Jang, C. Y. (2013). Facilitating trust in virtual teams: The role of awareness. Journal of Competitiveness Studies, 21(1/2), 61.
Jannati, B. R. A., & Supriyanto, H. A. S. (2022). Peran Sikap Kepemimpinan Pada Kualitas Kerja Karyawan Melalui Kompensasi Kerja. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 6(3), 2104-2121.
Jawadi, N., Daassi, M., Favier, M., & Kalika, M. (2013). Relationship building in virtual teams: A leadership behavioral complexity perspective. Human Systems Management, 32(3), 199-211.
Kerfoot, K. M. (2010). Listening to see: The key to virtual leadership. Nursing Economics, 28(2), 114.
Knight, E., & Paroutis, S. (2017). Becoming salient: The TMT leader’s role in shaping the interpretive context of paradoxical tensions. Organization studies, 38(3-4), 403-432.
Kohntopp, T., & McCann, J. (2019). Virtual Leadership in Organizations: Potential Competitive Advantage?.
Koles, B., & Nagy, P. (2014). Virtual worlds as digital workplaces: Conceptualizing the affordances of virtual worlds to expand the social and professional spheres in organizations. Organizational Psychology Review, 4(2), 175-195.
Krumm, S., Kanthak, J., Hartmann, K., & Hertel, G. (2016). What does it take to be a virtual team player? The knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics required in virtual teams. Human Performance, 29(2), 123-142.
Laitinen, K., & Valo, M. (2018). Meanings of communication technology in virtual team meetings: Framing technology-related interaction. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 111, 12-22.
Lee, M. R. (2021). Leading virtual project teams: Adapting leadership theories and communications techniques to 21st century organizations. CRC press.
Liao, C. (2017). Leadership in virtual teams: A multilevel perspective. Human resource management review, 27(4), 648-659.
Lilian, S. C. (2014). Virtual teams: Opportunities and challenges for e-leaders. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 110, 1251-1261.
Makarius, E. E., & Larson, B. Z. (2017). Changing the perspective of virtual work: Building virtual intelligence at the individual level. Academy of Management Perspectives, 31(2), 159-178.
Malhotra, A., Majchrzak, A., & Rosen, B. (2007). Leading virtual teams. Academy of Management perspectives, 21(1), 60-70.
Marlow, S. L., Lacerenza, C. N., & Salas, E. (2017). Communication in virtual teams: A conceptual framework and research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 27(4), 575-589.
Mehtab, K., ur Rehman, A., Ishfaq, S., & Jamil, R. A. (2017). Virtual leadership: A review paper. Social Sciences, 8(4), S1.
Morgan, L., Paucar-Caceres, A., & Wright, G. (2014). Leading effective global virtual teams: The consequences of methods of communication. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 27, 607-624.
Norman, S. M., Avey, J., Larson, M., & Hughes, L. (2020). The development of trust in virtual leader–follower relationships. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 15(3), 279-295.
Pitts, V. E., Wright, N. A., & Harkabus, L. C. (2012). Communication in virtual teams: The role of emotional intelligence. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 12(3/4), 21-34.
Pullan, P. (2016). Virtual leadership. Itnow, 58(3), 58-59.
Purvanova, R. K., & Kenda, R. (2018). Paradoxical virtual leadership: Reconsidering virtuality through a paradox lens. Group & Organization Management, 43(5), 752-786.
Raffoni, M. (5). Questions that (newly) virtual leaders should ask themselves. Harvard Business Review vom, 1, 2020.
Richardson, J. W., LaFrance, J., & Beck, D. (2015). Challenges of virtual school leadership. American Journal of Distance Education, 29(1), 18-29.
Robert Jr, L. P. (2016, February). Monitoring and trust in virtual teams. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 245-259).
Rosen, B., Furst, S., & Blackburn, R. (2006). Training for virtual teams: An investigation of current practices and future needs. Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management, 45(2), 229-247.
Roy, S. R. (2012). Digital mastery: The skills needed for effective virtual leadership. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC), 8(3), 56-66.
Roussin, C. J., & Webber, S. S. (2012). Impact of organizational identification and psychological safety on initial perceptions of coworker trustworthiness. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27, 317-329.
Sahay, K., & Baul, U. (2014). Comparison of traditional leadership and e-leadership: A study of organizational effectiveness in today's scenario. PURUSHARTHA-A journal of Management, Ethics and Spirituality, 7(2), 40-59.
Saltman, D. C. (2020). Is COVID-19 an opportunity to improve virtual leadership. Aust J Gen Pract, 49(Suppl 12).
Samartinho, J., Silva, P., & Faria, J. (2014). Good practices in virtual leadership–the e-3cs rule (communication, trust and coordination).
Schmidt, G. B. (2014). Virtual leadership: An important leadership context. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 7(2), 182-187.
Sebastian, K., & Hess, J. (2019). Leader emotional intelligence and work engagement in virtual teams within a healthcare service setting: A quantitative study. Oklahoma State Medical Proceedings, 3(1).
Tenzer, H., & Pudelko, M. (2016). Media choice in multilingual virtual teams. Journal of International Business Studies, 47, 427-452.
Thambusamy, R. X., & Bekiroğulları, Z. (2020). Virtual leadership in small businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and possibilities. The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences.
Ziek, P., & Smulowitz, S. (2014). The impact of emergent virtual leadership competencies on team effectiveness. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 35(2), 106-120.
Zimmermann, P., Wit, A., & Gill, R. (2008). The relative importance of leadership behaviours in virtual and face-to-face communication settings. Leadership, 4(3), 321-337.
Published
2023-08-26
How to Cite
Pringgabayu, D., Waruwu, F., Sobandi, A., & Disman, D. (2023). THE ART OF VIRTUAL LEADERSHIP : INSIGHTS FROM A LITERATURE REVIEW. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 7(2), 1799-1810. https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v7i2.3273
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Articles
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