THE IMPACT OF TRAVEL RISK PERCEPTION IN COVID 19 AND TRAVEL ANXIETY TOWARD TRAVEL INTENTION ON DOMESTIC TOURIST IN INDONESIA
Keywords:
Travel Risk Perception, Covid 19, Travel Anxiety, Travel Intention, Domestic Tourist
Abstract
This research aims to find out the relationship between travel risk perceptions in Covid 19 and travel anxiety, toward travel intention among domestic tourists in Indonesia during the Covid 19 Pandemic. The population in this study are all potential domestic tourists in Indonesia with sampling techniques use in probability sampling. This research Data were collected from 225 potential domestic tourists via an online survey and analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS) with structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of this study revealed that health crises that occur such as the Covid 19 Pandemic can lead to negative travel risk perceptions of the tourists, such as travel bans issues, travel restrictions, and susceptibility to getting infected by Covid 19 while traveling. Furthermore, the travel risk perception then affects the travel anxiety and travel intention of these tourists. In addition to seeing tourists' perceptions of risk, travel anxiety, and their effect on travel intentions, the results of this study are also complemented by suggestions and implications for stakeholders in the tourism industry in Indonesia who are expected to be treated to face these posts. -Covid 19 pandemic situations. Psychological factors such as anxiety are found mediated between tourists' perceptions of travel risks during the Covid 19 period and their intention to travel.
References
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Gupta, A. (2010). The relationship between perceived travel risk, travel safety, travel anxiety and intentions to travel : A path analysis study of domestic traveler in India. 25–35.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2018). The Results of PLS-SEM Article information. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.
Henseler, J., Müller, T., & Schuberth, F. (2018). Chapter 2 New Guidelines for the Use of PLS Path Modeling in Hospitality, Travel, and Tourism Research. Applying Partial Least Squares in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-699-620181002
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Hullett, C. R., & Witte, K. (2001). Predicting intercultural adaptation and isolation: Using the extended parallel process model to test anxiety/uncertainty management theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(2), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00047-X
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Joo, H., Maskery, B. A., Berro, A. D., Rotz, L. D., Lee, Y. K., & Brown, C. M. (2019). Economic Impact of the 2015 MERS Outbreak on the Republic of Korea’s Tourism-Related Industries. Health Security, 17(2), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2018.0115
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. (2015). Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/14975
Karagöz, D., Işık, C., Dogru, T., & Zhang, L. (2020). Solo female travel risks, anxiety and travel intentions: examining the moderating role of online psychological-social support. Current Issues in Tourism, 0(0), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1816929
Khasawneh, M. S., & Alfandi, A. M. (2019). Determining behaviour intentions from the overall destination image and risk perception. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 25(2), 355–375. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.25.2.6
Kuang, J., Ashraf, S., Das, U., & Bicchieri, C. (2020). Awareness, risk perception, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in communities of Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197177
Lemée, C., Fleury-Bahi, G., & Navarro, O. (2019). Impact of place identity, self-efficacy and anxiety state on the relationship between coastal flooding risk perception and the willingness to cope. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(MAR), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00499
Lenggogeni, S., Ritchie, B. W., & Slaughter, L. (2019). Understanding travel risks in a developing country: a bottom up approach. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 36(8), 941–955. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1661329
Lew, A. A., Cheer, J. M., Haywood, M., Brouder, P., & Salazar, N. B. (2020). Visions of travel and tourism after the global COVID-19 transformation of 2020. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 455–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1770326
Luo, J. M., & Lam, C. F. (2020). Travel anxiety, risk attitude and travel intentions towards “travel bubble” destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217859
Minnaert, L. (2014). Social tourism participation: The role of tourism inexperience anduncertainty. Tourism Management, 40, 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.002
Nazneen, S., Hong, X., & Ud Din, N. (2020). COVID-19 Crises and Tourist Travel Risk Perceptions. SSRN Electronic Journal, March 2020. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3592321
Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2020). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: a case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism, 0(0), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803807
Ozascilar, M., Mawby, R. I., & Ziyalar, N. (2019). Perceptions of risk on vacation among visitors to Istanbul. Safer Communities, 18(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/SC-06-2018-0017
Park, K., & Reisinger, Y. (2010). Differences in the perceived influence of natural disasters and travel risk on international travel. Tourism Geographies, 12(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680903493621
Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example. Tourism Management, 31(6), 797–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.006
Reichel, A., Fuchs, G., & Uriely, N. (2007). Perceived risk and the non-institutionalized tourist role: The case of Israeli student ex-backpackers. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507299580
Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017
Sánchez-Cañizares, S. M., Cabeza-Ramírez, L. J., Muñoz-Fernández, G., & Fuentes-García, F. J. (2020). Impact of the perceived risk from Covid-19 on intention to travel. Current Issues in Tourism, 0(0), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1829571
Smith, A. R., Ebert, E. E., & Broman-Fulks, J. J. (2016). The relationship between anxiety and risk taking is moderated by ambiguity. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 40–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.018
Sparks, B. (2007). Planning a wine tourism vacation? Factors that help to predict tourist behavioural intentions. Tourism Management, 28(5), 1180–1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.11.003
Wachyuni, S. S., & Kusumaningrum, D. A. (2020). The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic: How are the Future Tourist Behavior? Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 33(4), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2020/v33i430219
Yun, D., MacDonald, R. M., & Hennessey, S. (2012). Determinants of Travel Intentions to a Neighbouring Destination. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1617370.
Zulkarnaen, W., et al. (2020). Comparative Study of Tax Policy Related to COVID-19 in ASEAN Countries. International Journal of TEST Engineering & Management. 83(2),6519-6528. https://testmagzine.biz/index.php/testmagzine/article/view/8548
Bae, S. Y., & Chang, P. J. (2020). The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioral intention towards 'untact' tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 0(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1798895
Caber, M., González-Rodríguez, M. R., Albayrak, T., & Simonetti, B. (2020). Does perceived risk matter in travel behavior? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 26(3), 334–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766720927762
Cahyanto, I., Wiblishauser, M., Pennington-Gray, L., & Schroeder, A. (2016). The dynamics of travel avoidance: The case of Ebola in the U.S. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20(October), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2016.09.004
Chinazzi, M., Davis, J. T., Ajelli, M., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S., Piontti, P., Mu, K., Rossi, L., Sun, K., Viboud, C., Xiong, X., & Yu, H. (2020). The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus ( COVID-19 ) outbreak. 9757(March), 1–12.
Clark, A., Jit, M., Warren-Gash, C., Guthrie, B., Wang, H. H. X., Mercer, S. W., Sanderson, C., McKee, M., Troeger, C., Ong, K. L., Checchi, F., Perel, P., Joseph, S., Gibbs, H. P., Banerjee, A., Eggo, R. M., Nightingale, E. S., O'Reilly, K., Jombart, T., … Jarvis, C. I. (2020). Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to underlying health conditions in 2020: a modeling study. The Lancet Global Health, 8(8), e1003–e1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30264-3
Decoteau, C. L. (2017). The AART of Ethnography: A Critical Realist Explanatory Research Model. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 47(1), 58–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12107
Fennell, D. A. (2017). Towards a Model of Travel Fear. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.07.015
Garay, L., Font, X., & Corrons, A. (2019). Sustainability-Oriented Innovation in Tourism: An Analysis Based on the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 58(4), 622–636. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518771215
Gerhold, L. (2020). COVID-19 : Risk perception and Coping strategies. Results from a survey in Germany. Interdisciplinary Security Research Group, 1–11. https://psyarxiv.com/xmpk4
Ghozali. (2013). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 21 Update PLS Regresi. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Gupta, A. (2010). The relationship between perceived travel risk, travel safety, travel anxiety and intentions to travel : A path analysis study of domestic traveler in India. 25–35.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2018). The Results of PLS-SEM Article information. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24.
Henseler, J., Müller, T., & Schuberth, F. (2018). Chapter 2 New Guidelines for the Use of PLS Path Modeling in Hospitality, Travel, and Tourism Research. Applying Partial Least Squares in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78756-699-620181002
Henthorne, T. L., George, B. P., & Smith, W. C. (2013). Risk Perception and Buying Behavior: An Examination of Some Relationships in the Context of Cruise Tourism in Jamaica. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 14(1), 66–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2013.753808
Hullett, C. R., & Witte, K. (2001). Predicting intercultural adaptation and isolation: Using the extended parallel process model to test anxiety/uncertainty management theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(2), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(00)00047-X
Jang, S., Bai, B., Hu, C., & Wu, C. M. E. (2009). Affect, travel motivation, and travel intention: A senior market. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 33(1), 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348008329666
Joo, H., Maskery, B. A., Berro, A. D., Rotz, L. D., Lee, Y. K., & Brown, C. M. (2019). Economic Impact of the 2015 MERS Outbreak on the Republic of Korea’s Tourism-Related Industries. Health Security, 17(2), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2018.0115
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. (2015). Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/14975
Karagöz, D., Işık, C., Dogru, T., & Zhang, L. (2020). Solo female travel risks, anxiety and travel intentions: examining the moderating role of online psychological-social support. Current Issues in Tourism, 0(0), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1816929
Khasawneh, M. S., & Alfandi, A. M. (2019). Determining behaviour intentions from the overall destination image and risk perception. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 25(2), 355–375. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.25.2.6
Kuang, J., Ashraf, S., Das, U., & Bicchieri, C. (2020). Awareness, risk perception, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in communities of Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197177
Lemée, C., Fleury-Bahi, G., & Navarro, O. (2019). Impact of place identity, self-efficacy and anxiety state on the relationship between coastal flooding risk perception and the willingness to cope. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(MAR), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00499
Lenggogeni, S., Ritchie, B. W., & Slaughter, L. (2019). Understanding travel risks in a developing country: a bottom up approach. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 36(8), 941–955. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1661329
Lew, A. A., Cheer, J. M., Haywood, M., Brouder, P., & Salazar, N. B. (2020). Visions of travel and tourism after the global COVID-19 transformation of 2020. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 455–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1770326
Luo, J. M., & Lam, C. F. (2020). Travel anxiety, risk attitude and travel intentions towards “travel bubble” destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217859
Minnaert, L. (2014). Social tourism participation: The role of tourism inexperience anduncertainty. Tourism Management, 40, 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.002
Nazneen, S., Hong, X., & Ud Din, N. (2020). COVID-19 Crises and Tourist Travel Risk Perceptions. SSRN Electronic Journal, March 2020. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3592321
Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2020). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: a case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism, 0(0), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1803807
Ozascilar, M., Mawby, R. I., & Ziyalar, N. (2019). Perceptions of risk on vacation among visitors to Istanbul. Safer Communities, 18(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1108/SC-06-2018-0017
Park, K., & Reisinger, Y. (2010). Differences in the perceived influence of natural disasters and travel risk on international travel. Tourism Geographies, 12(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680903493621
Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example. Tourism Management, 31(6), 797–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.006
Reichel, A., Fuchs, G., & Uriely, N. (2007). Perceived risk and the non-institutionalized tourist role: The case of Israeli student ex-backpackers. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507299580
Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504272017
Sánchez-Cañizares, S. M., Cabeza-Ramírez, L. J., Muñoz-Fernández, G., & Fuentes-García, F. J. (2020). Impact of the perceived risk from Covid-19 on intention to travel. Current Issues in Tourism, 0(0), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1829571
Smith, A. R., Ebert, E. E., & Broman-Fulks, J. J. (2016). The relationship between anxiety and risk taking is moderated by ambiguity. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 40–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.018
Sparks, B. (2007). Planning a wine tourism vacation? Factors that help to predict tourist behavioural intentions. Tourism Management, 28(5), 1180–1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.11.003
Wachyuni, S. S., & Kusumaningrum, D. A. (2020). The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic: How are the Future Tourist Behavior? Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 33(4), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2020/v33i430219
Yun, D., MacDonald, R. M., & Hennessey, S. (2012). Determinants of Travel Intentions to a Neighbouring Destination. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1617370.
Zulkarnaen, W., et al. (2020). Comparative Study of Tax Policy Related to COVID-19 in ASEAN Countries. International Journal of TEST Engineering & Management. 83(2),6519-6528. https://testmagzine.biz/index.php/testmagzine/article/view/8548
Published
2021-05-17
How to Cite
Angguni, F., & Lenggogeni, S. (2021). THE IMPACT OF TRAVEL RISK PERCEPTION IN COVID 19 AND TRAVEL ANXIETY TOWARD TRAVEL INTENTION ON DOMESTIC TOURIST IN INDONESIA. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi, & Akuntansi (MEA), 5(2), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v5i2.1108
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